{"id":6203,"date":"2018-11-27T21:43:03","date_gmt":"2018-11-27T21:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/?page_id=6203"},"modified":"2018-12-14T15:32:47","modified_gmt":"2018-12-14T15:32:47","slug":"food-histamine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/en\/dao-deficiency\/histamine\/food-histamine\/","title":{"rendered":"Food histamine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row heading_color=&#8221;light&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;hosted_video&#8221; bg_video_type=&#8221;normal&#8221; bg_video_device=&#8221;yes&#8221; header_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; bg_video_mp4=&#8221;https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Background-4421.mp4&#8243; padding_top=&#8221;150&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;150&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<h1 class=\"grve-element grve-align-center grve-title-line grve-h1\" style=\"\"><span>Food histamine<\/span><\/h1>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"grve-element grve-image grve-align-center\" style=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"904\" height=\"293\" src=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/logo-con-prolongaciones-de-ciencia-sociedad-e-industria-en-blanco-904x293-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/logo-con-prolongaciones-de-ciencia-sociedad-e-industria-en-blanco-904x293-1.png 1x,https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/logo-con-prolongaciones-de-ciencia-sociedad-e-industria-en-blanco-1808x586-retina-1.png 2x\" \/><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row bg_type=&#8221;image&#8221; bg_image=&#8221;8069&#8243; bg_image_type=&#8221;parallax&#8221; header_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; footer_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;150&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;150&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1544801437187{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Biogenic amines, including histamine, are formed in food by the action of microorganism decarboxylase enzymes from amino acid precursors. This event does not occur in natural or physiological amines, which are formed during metabolic processes of plants and animals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Possibility of alternative biosynthetic routes and combined participation of different types of microorganisms and their possible interactions makes it more complicated to determine the exact responsibility of amine biogenesis in food.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Therefore, for histamine to grow in food specific requirements are needed:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Growth of micro-organisms with decarboxylase activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Availability of amino acid precursors and cofactors.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Favourable environmental conditions for synthesis and decarboxylases activity (pH, Aw, T\u00aa\u2026)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"grve-element grve-align-center\"><a class=\"grve-btn grve-btn-large grve-extra-round grve-blue-color grve-btn-line\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/en\/dao-deficiency\/what-is\/\" target=\"_self\" style=\"\"><span>know more about what is dao deficiency<\/span><\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1544801160050{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1.2-degradado-fondo-sec-1-1920&#215;500.png?id=5058) !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}&#8221;][vc_widget_sidebar sidebar_id=&#8221;grve_sidebar_5c1286cdb8f63&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row bg_type=&#8221;image&#8221; bg_image=&#8221;5279&#8243; bg_image_type=&#8221;parallax&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;100&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;100&#8243; margin_bottom=&#8221;50&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<h2 class=\"grve-element grve-align-center grve-title-line grve-h2 grve-animated-item grve-fadeIn\" style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\" data-delay=\"200\"><span>METABOLISM OF FOOD HISTAMINE<\/span><\/h2>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Foods are complex and consist of nutrients that require to be degraded from the moment they enter the oral cavity. Digestive organs carry out the digestion of food thanks to digestive enzymes that reach the intestinal tract through several digestive secretions (salivary, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal and biliary) obtaining the nutrients required for the proper functioning of the organism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Histamine, which is present in every food (of animal and plant origin), should be metabolized in order to be eliminated by urine without problems. Note that exogenous histamine does not have a functional role within the organism, and for this reason, it is eliminated without using any property.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<h2 class=\"grve-element grve-align-center grve-title-line grve-h2 grve-animated-item grve-fadeIn\" style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\" data-delay=\"200\"><span>ROUTES OF HISTAMINE METABOLISM<\/span><\/h2>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">There are two known main routes of histamine metabolism in living beings, where Histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT) and Diamine Oxidase (DAO) are implicated:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"grve-element grve-image grve-align-center\" style=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/alimentos-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/alimentos-2.jpg 645w, https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/alimentos-2-300x248.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/alimentos-2-600x496.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row bg_type=&#8221;image&#8221; bg_image=&#8221;8069&#8243; bg_image_type=&#8221;parallax&#8221; header_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; footer_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;150&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;150&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<h2 class=\"grve-element grve-align-center grve-title-line grve-h2 grve-animated-item grve-fadeIn\" style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\" data-delay=\"200\"><span>Degradation by Histamine-N-metyltransferase (HMT or HNMT)<\/span><\/h2>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1544801278196{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">HMT inactivates histamine by methylation of the imidazole ring forming N-methylhistamine, which becomes N-methylimidazole acetaldehyde by Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and finally enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) converts it in N-methylimidazole acetic acid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">HMT is an enzyme that degrades histamine in the liver tissue, but it is also present in lower quantity in other tissues. Many studies establish a small relation of HMT in histamine metabolism in intestinal mucosa, as its activity is almost insignificant compared to DAO activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">It is a cytosolic protein and therefore, it can only convert histamine in the intracellular space of cells. This proves that its capacity to degrade histamine is lower than the Diamine Oxidase route, which has a role in inactivation and removal of extracellular histamine; and this confirms therefore that pathologies related to a high histamine concentration in blood, are associated with DAO deficiency and not with HMT.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<h2 class=\"grve-element grve-align-center grve-title-line grve-h2 grve-animated-item grve-fadeIn\" style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\" data-delay=\"200\"><span>Degradation via Diamine Oxidase (DAO)<\/span><\/h2>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1544801297374{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-radius: 20px !important;}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">In this route histamine suffers an oxidative deamination by DAO. The products are imidazole acetic acid and at the end, its riboside. Both metabolites of histamine route, the imidazole acetic acid and the N-methylimadazole acetic acid (of HMT route) have low activity and are removed by urine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">DAO is the most important enzyme that degrades histamine; but it is only located in some tissues; specifically in intestinal mucosa, kidneys, placenta, thymus and seminal vesicles. DAO also has little participation, not always, in the liver tissue. It is mainly located in intestinal epithelium, where it absorbs histamine (endogenous histamine too) and where DAO degrades it controlling the pass into portal blood. DAO located in liver controls the pass of histamine towards systemic circulation and when it is in the kidney, DAO degrades the reabsorbed histamine in the proximal tubule.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Diamine Oxidase is the main enzyme that degrades ingested histamine. Moreover, when DAO acts like a secretion protein, it can be responsible for waste collection after extracellular histamine is released and, therefore, tissues containing DAO are decisive in the systematic control of histamine bioavailability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">Diamine Oxidase is involved in other processes such as regulation of cellular division or differentiation in rapid proliferation tissues (bone marrow and intestinal mucosa), and can act as neurotropic link.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 9.0pt 0cm 9.0pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\">In pregnant females, DAO activity is higher than in not pregnant, from 500 to 1000 times higher. Placenta produces additional DAO amounts as a fetus-protection measure, ensuring correct histamine degradation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row bg_type=&#8221;hosted_video&#8221; bg_video_type=&#8221;normal&#8221; bg_video_device=&#8221;yes&#8221; footer_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; bg_video_mp4=&#8221;https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Abstract-11730.mp4&#8243; padding_top=&#8221;150&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;150&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"grve-element grve-align-center\"><a class=\"grve-btn grve-btn-extralarge grve-round grve-bg-primary-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/en\/food-which-interferes-in-histamine-metabolism\/\" target=\"_self\" style=\"\"><span>histamine<\/span><\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"grve-element grve-align-center\"><a class=\"grve-btn grve-btn-extralarge grve-round grve-bg-primary-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/en\/food-which-interferes-in-histamine-metabolism\/\" target=\"_self\" style=\"\"><span>FOOD WHICH INTERFERES IN HISTAMINE METABOLISM<\/span><\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row heading_color=&#8221;light&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;hosted_video&#8221; bg_video_type=&#8221;normal&#8221; bg_video_device=&#8221;yes&#8221; header_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; bg_video_mp4=&#8221;https:\/\/www.deficitdao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Background-4421.mp4&#8243; padding_top=&#8221;150&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;150&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row bg_type=&#8221;image&#8221; bg_image=&#8221;8069&#8243; bg_image_type=&#8221;parallax&#8221; header_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; footer_feature=&#8221;yes&#8221; padding_top=&#8221;150&#8243; padding_bottom=&#8221;150&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1544801437187{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;background-color: #ffffff [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":6191,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6203","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.7 - 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